Obesity is a growing problem worldwide, with significant implications for health and longevity. A recent literature review published in JAMA highlights the effectiveness of three main treatments for obesity: behavioral change, medications, and surgery. These treatments can help individuals lose weight and reduce the associated health risks.
The review, which analyzed 126 articles, found that obesity rates have been steadily increasing over the years. Between 1975 and 2014, global obesity rates for men rose from 3.2% to 10.8%, and for women, from 6.4% to 14.9%. It is projected that by 2025, 18% of men and 21% of women will be living with obesity. The United States is particularly affected, with 42% of American adults currently classified as obese. By 2030, it is expected that nearly half of all Americans will be obese.
Obesity is associated with numerous health risks, including metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, sleep disorders, and mental health issues such as depression and anxiety. However, even a modest weight loss of 5% to 10% can lead to significant improvements in these risk factors. Losing 10% to 15% of body weight can yield further benefits, such as improvements in sleep apnea and non-alcoholic fatty liver.
The review recommends a combination of approaches for treating obesity. Behavioral and lifestyle changes, such as dietary modifications, increased physical activity, and behavioral therapy, can help individuals achieve 5% to 10% weight loss. Medications, particularly GLP-1 agonists, have also shown effectiveness, leading to weight loss of 8% to 21%. Finally, bariatric surgery, such as sleeve gastrectomy and gastric bypass, can lead to weight loss of 25% to 30%.
It is important to note that treating obesity requires long-term commitment and a multidimensional approach. Permanent lifestyle changes and, in some cases, long-term medication use may be necessary to maintain weight loss and reduce the risk of obesity-related health issues. The key is to tailor the treatment approach to each individual's needs.
In conclusion, obesity is a significant global health concern with serious implications for individuals' well-being and longevity. However, effective treatments are available, including behavioral change, medications, and surgery. A combination of these approaches, customized to the individual, offers the best chance for successful weight loss and improved health outcomes.